Google CalendarThis needs a computer (the phone app doesn't show it). Go to calendar.google.com, point at your calendar on the left, tap ⋮ then Settings and sharing. Scroll to Integrate calendar and copy Secret address in iCal format. Email it to yourself, then paste it here on your phone. Work and school accounts sometimes have this switched off.
Apple iCloud (iPhone Calendar)Open Calendar, tap Calendars at the bottom, then the ⓘ next to the calendar. Turn on Public Calendar and tap Share Link, then Copy. “Public” only means anyone holding the long link can see it; it isn't listed anywhere.
Outlook or HotmailOn outlook.com, open Settings, then Calendar, Shared calendars. Under Publish a calendar, choose the calendar and Can view all details, tap Publish, then copy the ICS link. Work accounts often have this switched off.